Posts Tagged ‘charge of the light brigade’

Sir James Scarlett's specially modified helmet

General Sir James Scarlett was placed in command of the entire Heavy Brigade of cavalry in the Crimean campaign.  English Army of the East landed at Kalamita Bay in the Crimea in September 1854, without the Heavy Cavalry Brigade (2^nd Cavalry Brigade), which was still at Varna, awaiting transport.  Brigadier General Scarlett began landing the Heavy Brigade along the Crimean coast on 24 September 1854, and completed the landing at Balaclava on 6 October 1854.  The Heavy Brigade battle honours include The Battle of Balaclava and the Siege of Sevastopol.

On 25 October 1854, in South Valley at the Battle of Balaclava, General Scarlett led his Heavy Brigade in a charge against a strong force of Russian cavalry, and succeeded in driving them off the field.  Unfortunately, not much is heard of this charge, as it was over-shadowed by the spectacular disaster that followed it.  This was when Lord Cardigan led his Light Cavalry Brigade against massed Russian artillery and cavalry down a gauntlet of enemy fire in the North Valley.  The Heavy Brigade followed in support of the Light into the Valley of Death, but stopped midway into the valley on orders from Lord Lucan, who commanded the entire cavalry division.

General Scarlett’s own regiment was the 5^th Dragoon Guards.  The helmet of the 5^th Dragoon Guards is brass, but the front peak is straight down over the eyes, and there is a regimental badge on the front.  Scarlett was nearsighted and designed the helmet in this photograph with the front peak extended forward, no doubt to lend a better view.  He substituted long elegant black feathers for the horsehair plum.  He also seems to have redesigned the 5^th Dragoon Guards helmet plate with a full silver garter surmounted by a crown, leaving out the dragoon badge in the center.  Altogether this makes the helmet and this photograph quite unique.

Ironically, in spite of the better view afforded by his modified helmet, the near-sighted Scarlett almost missed the on-coming Russian cavalry until a staff officer politely pointed them out to him.

This artifact was photographed courtesy of the Towneley Hall Art Gallery and Museum, Burnley, Lancashire, UK, where the Scarlett collection is maintained.

Captain Henry Thompson, commanding A Company, 6th Michigan Cavalry, I’m sure, felt that the charge General Custer ordered at Hunterstown was too brash a move.  Because of a bend in the road and a ridge behind the initial Confederate line, they had no idea how many of the enemy were in their front. Further, the road had a strong fence on both sides, which meant they could not deploy, but had to charge in a tight and vulnerable column.  Lastly, Custer’s artillery was plainly already deploying by the time the order was given, thus negating its purpose.

Whether Custer observed Thompson dragging his feet to obey the order, or saw that the men of A Company were skittish in their saddles, he sprang into action.  Telling his staff to remain behind, he rode in front of A Company, drew his saber, and said something like, “I’ll lead you today, boys!”  With that he was off, a Brigadier General leading Thompson and his 50 odd men into the unknown – talk about high-priced help.

Hunterstown Battle

It looked promising at first, with the enemy skirmish line broken and withdrawing as the cavalrymen charged on.  Things went rapidly wrong.  As they passed the Gilbert Farm on their right, and pressed deeper into the Confederates, they basically entered a kill zone.  They took severe fire from the farm buildings and fields on their right, as well as suffering sustained fire from their front.

Then it really went bad.  Almost instantaneously their entire officer command structure disappeared.  Custer was unhorsed, Thompson was wounded and unhorsed, and their third, and only other officer, was thrown to the ground by his mount.  Having now had time to react, other elements from the Confederate rear guard hidden from sight over the ridge came into view charging down on the now confusing melee.

Custer was saved only by the quick and gallant actions of one of the troopers, who carried him on the back of his horse through the Confederates to Federal lines.  Thompson was also carried back, but the third officer was apparently captured.

This incident was overshadowed by Custer’s heroic charge the very next day (3 July 1863) with the entire Michigan Wolverine Brigade, and very little has been mentioned of this debacle in basic history books.  It does, however, remind one of a similar futile and ill-fated charge under another flamboyant commander not so many years before in the Crimea – “The Charge of the Light Brigade.”

Custer’s actions, although not inconsistent with what I’ve read about him, were rash to say the least.  To this writer, he wasted his men’s lives.  On the other hand, although you might fault him for his judgement, you certainly can’t argue with his courage.

I thought I’d tell the stories of two of my favorite horse heros who took part in the Charge of the Light Brigade in the Crimean War.  The first is the horse ridden by Captain Louis Nolan, 15th Hussars, on the staff of Brigadier General Richard Airey, Deputy Quartermaster General of the British Army of the East.  The second horse is “Ronald,” who belonged to Lord Cardigan, Commander of the Light Brigade.  Both of these horses survived the charge, although hundreds of their four legged comrades did not.

I don’t know the name of Nolan’s horse, but I do know it was one fine animal.  It was a former troop horse of the 13th Light Dragoons.  When Nolan was assigned to deliver the fateful order, which, although misinterpreted, triggered the disastrous charge, it was in no small part due to his expertise as a horseman.  The order had to be delivered quickly, which meant Nolan had to ride at speed down into the valley from the heights.  A treacherous journey requiring both an accomplished rider and a superb steed.

After delivering the order telling Lord Lucan, the Cavalry Division commander, to attack “the guns,” Nolan joined his friend, Captain William Morris, Acting Commander, 17th Lancers.  Although a staff officer, Nolan was determined not to be left out of this action.  As the Light Brigade advanced, Nolan was seen to ride forward on his own.  His reasons are the subject of vast controversy and much speculation.  In any event, his audacity didn’t last long.  He was struck in the chest by a piece of shrapnel, making him one of the first casualties of the charge.

Nolan, or perhaps only his body, remained upright in the saddle.  The horse veered right, then back through the advancing line of the 13th Light Dragoons, the horse’s former regiment.  After passing through the lines, Captain Nolan finally fell to the ground, but his gallant horse was not through.  Troop Sergeant Major John Linkon of the 13th had just lost his horse.  He managed to mount Nolan’s horse and rode after his regiment.  Thus, although Captain Nolan did not complete the famous charge, his horse did.

Lieutenant-General Lord James Thomas Brudenell, the seventh Earl of Cardigan, leader of the Light Brigade, was without question brave, but not a particularly astute military leader.  He led his courageous brigade into the “valley of death,” through a veritable gauntlet of Russian canon and small arms fire.  He did this to obey a poorly considered, badly worded, and certainly misunderstood order.

Lord Cardigan was riding his cherished handsome chestnut horse, Ronald.  Ronald was lovingly brought to the valleys of the Crimea by ship all the way from Deene Park, Northhamptonshire, the Brudenell family home.

At Balaclava, on 25 October 1854, the black day of the ‘Charge,’ Lord Cardigan took Ronald straight into the teeth of the massed Russian canon.  Ronald survived the charge, as did his master, without a scratch, to return to Deene Park and live out their days with the memory of this ill-conceived, yet magnificent action.  Many of the troopers he led, and even more of their horses, were not so lucky.

Ronald's Hoof, courtesy of The Royal King's Hussars Museum - Photo from Crimean Memories: Artefacts of the Crimean War

In remembrance of this loyal and magnificent horse, one of his hooves was placed on a bronze pillow, surmounted by a small statue of Lord Cardigan riding Ronald.  This artefact can be seen at The King’s Royal Hussars Museum, Peninsula Barracks, Winchester, UK. It can also be seen in my photography book, Crimean Memories: Artefacts of the Crimean War.

There are many excellent books written about the Charge of the Light Brigade, but if you want to read a rather new release about Nolan, Cradigan, and the charge, I recommend Messenger of Death:  Captain Nolan and the Charge of the Light Brigade, by David Buttery.

Sunny, before his winter coat

Today, I went to our stables, the wonderful Saw Horse Farm, run by Wendy Dutterer, in Hunterstown, Pennsylvania, to ride my horse, Sunny.  He is taken excellent care of there, and has grown his own lush winter coat.  It was a great ride, but a searing cold day.  When I ride and see the horses on brisk days like this, I am reminded of the plight of the horses in the Crimean War.

Numerous horses were required by a mid-19th century army.  Not merely for the cavalry and horse artillery, but for all the senior officers of infantry regiments, and the many staff officers.  Some wealthier officers brought several horses.  All of these animals had to be transported by water from England to the Crimea in sailing or steam-driven ships.  This could take anywhere from weeks to months, depending on the speed of the ships.

Over 150 horses of the Cavalry Division were lost during deployment to the Crimea.  In one bad storm, it was necessary to shoot injured horses, who became wild and uncontrollable below decks.

Many horses were rendered unserviceable by the rigors of the voyage.  These losses had a near crippling effect on the cavalry.  Those that made it intact, had to face severe climate changes, and one of the worst winters recorded in Crimean history.

It had been planned that remounts would be purchased from various local horse traders, but like so many plans for this badly mismanaged war, this one fell apart quickly and drastically.  Captain Louis Nolan, the famous staff officer who brought the order to Lord Lucan prompting the ill-fated “Charge of the Light Brigade,” was even tasked to travel across Syria and overland to the staging area at Varna on the Black Sea, with the mission of purchasing remounts and transport horses along the way.  He was only modestly successful.  There were insufficient horses for sale anywhere enroute, at the staging area, or in the Crimea.  Those horses that were available were smaller, often weak, and frequently unserviceable for cavalry, artillery, or even transport requirements.

Not long after landing on the Crimean coast, the savage winter set in and took its toll.  The horses brought from England were hardly used to the unbearable Crimean temperatures or conditions – colic and death were everywhere among these unfortunate animals.

By far the most disastrous loss of horses, however, was a direct result of that unhappy charge by the Light Brigade into a gauntlet of Russian guns.  The charge, in about 25 minutes, cost the British army over 100 men killed, but perhaps the most telling catastrophe was the loss of horses.  Around 400 were killed and many more put out of service.  It was the loss of horses which left the Light Brigade unfit for further action as a unit.

Two horses of particular note were in the Light Brigade’s charge: the mount of Captain Nolan, the first casualty of the affair, and, Ronald, Lord Cardigan’s horse.  I will tell their tale tomorrow.

Officers, 39th Regiment, with a horse not unlike Sunny

Captain Halford, 5th Dragoon Guards

Captain Heneage, Coldstream Guards

Captain Wilkinson, 9th Regiment

Lieutenant Yates, 11th Hussars

Officers, 39th Regiment

The first in the Ian Carlyle Series.

What on earth possessed me, a Yank, to write for my debut novel a book about the Crimean War, a very British war – not well known in the US.  Actually it didn’t start out that way. My original thought was to write about British observers in the American Civil War on General McClellan’s staff. There were about a dozen of them.

I began writing about these Civil War observers, but it soon dawned on me that they received their combat experience, and became the fine officers they were, in the Crimea, six years before our Civil War. I decided that the setting for the first novel must be the Crimea. I would bring my characters into the American Civil War in the sequel. The Crimean War then became my passion, my obsession, if you will.

Through the next three years of research I made numerous visits to the UK, and two trips to the Crimean battlefields.  After a ton of hours at the Scots Guards archives at Wellington Barracks, London; Eton College; and various amazingly beautiful places in Scotland; I finally felt I could put pen to paper … or more precisely finger to keyboard.

Actually, people know more about the Crimean War than they may realize. For instance, the Charge of the Light Brigade – Florence Nightingale, the lady with the lamp – the ‘Thin Red Line’. These all came out of the Crimean War. It took place at the height of the reign of Queen Victoria, and was primarily fought on the Western coast of the Crimean peninsula (present day the Ukraine), between 1854, and 1856.

The war’s origins are shrouded in political mystery and intrigue, ranging from somewhat bogus religious reasons to the expansionist doctrine of the Russian Czar, Nicholas I, in an effort to gain free access (A warm water port)  between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The spark which caused the feces to hit the fan was when Russia invaded the then Ottoman (Turkish) Empire.

Britain and France, the most unlikely of bedfellows, came to Turkey’s aid, supported by Sardinia. Although a Turkish Army basically forced Russia back across her borders, the people and governments of Britain and France felt strongly that Russia needed to be taught a lesson. Thus in September 1854, a combined allied army landed on the Crimean peninsula. Their mission was to capture Sevastopol and sink the Russian Black Sea fleet harbored there.  Their long term strategic goal was to stop Russia from ever again entertaining ideas of expansion in the Mediterranean.

The Russians sunk a major part of their own fleet to block the harbor to British and French ships, and it took the allied army, at great cost, the next two years to ‘capture’ Sevastopol. In the end, the Russians merely evacuated the city in good order, and left it to the British and French.

I think a writer must follow his instincts and above all his passion. I guess my original intent was that “Follow Me to Glory” would be a prequel to the major American Civil War work, but as I researched and wrote, Ian Carlyle’s owing up adventures and his Crimean combat experiences took on their own character and importance.  Thus, it is a prequel in the sense that it is the first in the Ian Carlyle Series, where his character comes of age as a man, then as an officer in the caldron of war.  The sequel, “The Gettysburg Conspiracy,” brings Ian Carlyle, now a seasoned veteran, into the American Civil War. There will also be at least a third in the Ian Carlyle series. I am determined, however, that each book will be of equal importance, and each will stand alone as a story in itself.

I did ponder the idea of making the setting for the series in a different era, but there is such a strong connection and impact between the Crimean War and our Civil War (only a few years apart) that I doubt there is any other period or set of wars which would so readily lend themselves to my vision.

I have always been mesmerized by this simpler Victorian age. Where they were more gentle and genteel among themselves, yet still using terribly blunt linear tactics when throwing armies at one another head-on. The lines drawn in cultural values, and in war, seem to me clearer than more recent conflicts. Of course, there’s that passion of mine for the 19th century. I couldn’t very well ignore that, could I?